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72. S. Freud (1919, C.P., 4, p. 397).
73. S. Freud (1919, C.P., 4, p. 398). 74. The Sand-Man is also reminiscent of the stone Commendatore at the end of Don Giovanni and of the glaring Moses of Michelangelo (see Figure 3-5). 75. American Psychiatric Association (1980, pp. 312-323); for a discussion of the borderline disorder in particular, see the same source (pp. 321-323). 76. American Psychiatric Association (1980, pp. 257-259). 77. Personal communications (letters) from the following psychiatrists, all with special knowledge of multiple personality disorders; Ralph B. Allison, M.D.; Philip M. Coons, M.D.; Donald W. Schafer, M.D.; Dale P. Svendsen, M.D. 78. Freud proposed in an early paper (1894, C.P., 1, p. 60) that “it may be taken as generally acknowledged that the syndrome of hysteria…justifies the concept of splitting of consciousness.” He continued in the same paper to describe splitting as primarily the result of trying to cope with an intolerable sexual idea—usually a sexual memory. 79. Gedo (1968/1976, p. 289); see also Stamm (1969/1979). 80. Sadow et al. (1968/1976, pp. 257-285). 81. Gedo (1968/1976, p. 288). 82. This case history, according to Roazen (personal communication, 1985), refers to Mark Brunswick. Regardless, its close similarity to the Wolf-Man case makes it another example of the autobiographical character of the cases Freud tended to concentrate on. For relevant material on Mark and Ruth Brunswick and the Wolf-Man, see Roazen (1975, pp. 420-426). 83. S. Freud (1940, C.P., 5, p. 373). 84. S. Freud (1940, C.P., 5, p. 375). 85. S. Freud (1940, C.P., 5, p. 372). 86. S. Freud (1940, C.P., 5, p. 373). 87. For Freud’s identification with William the Conqueror, see Jones (1957, P. 228). 88. For Garibaldi, see Roazen (1975, pp. 38-39). 89. For Jacob, see Origins (pp. 318-319). 90. For Joseph, see Shengold (1961/1979). 91. For Rolland, see Kanzer (1976/1979). 92. See footnote 169; Leonardo da Vinci (with whom it is clear Freud identified) was associated by Freud to the Anti-Christ. This theme is explicit in an historical novel based on Leonardo’s life, The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci by Merejkowski (1902/1928; available in German translation from the original Russian in 1908 or earlier), which Freud read before writing his essay on Leonardo and cited in the essay several times. 93. Faust obviously contains much of Goethe’s character; it is a small jump, really, from Goethe’s Faust to Nietzsche’s Anti-Christ (1895/1931). 94. Jones (1953, pp. 89-90). 95. See Origins, especially the early letters; see also Jones (1953, Ch. 13) and Schur (1966/1979). 96. See Letters (pp. 251, 339-340). |